复旦 -- 新中国的摇篮

徐 波

 

一、引 言

由于历史原因,复旦1952年的重组对许多人来说仍有许多疑问。在正常情况下,院校调整属于教育部的职责,应该由教育部负责进行。但1952年复旦的重组则是在毛泽东亲自参与和指示下完成的:

 

1)毛泽东亲自将复旦定位成新中国的东方剑桥,决定将1952年之前的东方剑桥转到复旦。同时将其它许多学校1952年之前的许多领先专业和人才也转到复旦,使新复旦在实力上超过国民党时期的东方剑桥。

 

2)毛泽东亲手为新复旦题写校名。

 

3)毛泽东亲自签发任命书,任命陈望道为新组建的复旦大学校长。

 

为什么复旦会受到毛泽东的青睐,得到这样的特殊待遇,在毛泽东的亲自指示下于1952年一举成为新中国江南第一学府? 

 

这主要要从复旦对新中国所做出的历史性贡献谈起。

 

 二、历史背景

 

1920年,复旦教授陈望道与陈独秀等一起创办了中国最早的共产主义小组。陈望道也是1921年中国共产党上海发起组成员,是最早负责1921年中共“一大”的筹备工作的负责人之一。但由于会前他与陈独秀之间发生了矛盾,陈望道在“一大”开会前临时决定不参加“一大”。就这样,他虽然是“一大”的负责人和代表,却没有出席“一大”。

 

这样,陈望道便成为中共最早的创始人之一。他在中共内部的创始人地位位于毛泽东、周恩来、朱德、刘少奇、邓小平等之前。  

 

1920年,陈望道第一个将《共产党宣言》介绍到中国。这本书为中共的创立奠定了思想理论基础,影响了整整一代人。中共“一大”时全国共有党员50多人,包括“一大”的13名代表,都是在读了陈望道《共产党宣言》之后决定加入共产党的。 毛泽东是于19208月读了陈望道的《共产党宣言》之后才开始了他正式的革命生涯的。 周恩来、朱德、刘少奇、邓小平等则是在更晚些时候读了陈望道的《共产党宣言》

 

毛泽东后来谈到对他一生影响最大的3本书中,第一本便是《共产党宣言》。 周恩来建国后对陈望道说:“我们都是你教育出来的。” 

 

所以,复旦实际上成为中国最早的“中央党校”,教育、启蒙、和激发了包括毛泽东、周恩来、朱德、刘少奇、邓小平等在内的整个一代新中国的缔造者。

三、历史意义

1)纵向看

如果没有陈望道1920年的《共产党宣言》,中国共产党就不会于1921年成立。在当时的历史条件下,错过一个时机,就会导致全军覆没,全盘皆输。 因此,如果中国共产党没能在1921年成立,之后就可能被扼杀在摇篮中。 那么,1949年就不会有新中国,中国就可能长期沦陷于殖民地状态下,中国人民就不可能站起来,不会有自己的主权国家。那么今天,在中国的国土上,可能仍然会随处看见中国人与狗不得入内的牌子 。。。

所以,复旦对中国共产党的诞生、新中国的成立、中华民族的独立和中国人民的解放都起了极为重要的作用。从这个意义上讲,复旦孕育了中国共产党和新中国的诞生,是新中国的摇篮,促进了中国人民独立和解放的早日到来,改变了历史,成为20世纪影响中国乃至整个世界的最重要的历史事件之一

2)横向看

北大促进了五四运动的到来,在中国播下了科学与民主的种子。而复旦则促进了中国共产党的成立、新中国的诞生、中国人民的早日独立和解放,为中华民族的早日崛起和腾飞做出了不朽的功绩。 北大、复旦成为改变中国历史,对中国近代史产生了最大影响的二所学府。

所以新中国成立后,根据复旦为新中国所做出的重大贡献,1952年在毛泽东的亲自指示下,中央决定把复旦定位成新中国的东方剑桥,南方的北大。  

1952年毛泽东任命陈望道为新组建的复旦大学校长的任命通知书。

196151日毛泽东与复旦校长陈望道(前排左三)、复旦教授周谷城(毛泽东湖南农民运动讲习所的老师,前排左一)在一起

Fudan -- Cradle of PRC

Bob Xu

 As China's first private university and one of the most prestigious universities, Fudan University has made many important contributions to China.  One of the most profound contributions Fudan has made was for China’s independence and the establishment of the People’s Republic of China (PRC).  

In the early 20th century, China was a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society under the rule of foreign invaders and the emperor.  At that time, the most important challenge and choice facing China was to end the colonialism and feudalism, and to establish a new independent China. 

However, the foreign invaders and old rulers would not give up the power.  Only revolution and China Independent War could save China and Chinese people’s future.    

It was at this critical moment that Fudan University had played crucial roles, which had changed the course of China’s history as well as the world’s history.

In 1920, Fudan University professor Chen Wang Dao first translated and published the book "Gong Chan Dang Xuan Yan" in China.  This historical work was very important and significant.  It was the most influential work in modern China history, which had educated, encouraged, and inspired the entire generation of PRC leaders, including:

Mao Ze Dong -- founder and chairman of PRC, president of the PRC Central Military Commission of the People's Liberation Army (PLA).

Zhou En Lai -- co-founder and premier of PRC

Zhu De -- co-founder of PRC, founder and chief general of PLA.

Liu Shao Qi -- co-founder and president of PRC.

Deng Xiao Ping -- co-founder and general secretary of PRC.  General designer and senior leader for China reform and open policy.  

Besides above PRC founders, professor Chen Wang Dao's work had also educated, inspired, and influenced all PRC ministers, military generals, and provincial governors, etc.  Therefore, after the establishment of PRC, Zhou En Lai said to professor Chen Wang Dao: "We were all educated by you."

As a result, Fudan University had become PRC's earliest "Zhong Yang Dang Xiao" (the school for PRC leaders), which had educated and inspired the entire generation of PRC founders and leaders.  Therefore, Fudan had become the cradle of PRC. 

In 1952, after the establishment of PRC, in recognition of Fudan University's special contributions to the founding of the PRC, Mao Ze Dong personally

(1)   designated Fudan as China's Cambridge;

(2)   wrote the new Fudan University title;

(3)   appointed professor Chen Wang Dao as the president of new Fudan University.

Due to its special contributions to the founding of PRC, Fudan University has become one of China's most influential universities that has shaped and changed China history and the world history, and has become one of China’s top universities.